最高人民法院關于審理建設工程施工合同糾紛案件 適用法律問題的解釋（二）解析
發布者：管理員 2019/5/23 14:14:27
為正確審理(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工程施(shi)工合同(tong)糾紛案(an)件，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)保護(hu)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)權益，維護(hu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)場秩序，促進建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)場健康發展，根據《中(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)共和(he)國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)總則》《中(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)共和(he)國(guo)合同(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)共和(he)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)共和(he)國(guo)招標投標法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》《中(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)共和(he)國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)事(shi)訴訟法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》等法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律規定(ding)，結(jie)合審判(pan)實踐。2018年10月29日最高人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院審判(pan)委員會第1751次會議通過《最高人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院關于審理(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工程施(shi)工合同(tong)糾紛案(an)件適用法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律問題(ti)的解釋（二）》【下稱“建(jian)(jian)設(she)工程施(shi)工合同(tong)解釋（二）”】，并自2019年2月1日起施(shi)行。
我公司作為房地產企(qi)業，該司法解釋(shi)對(dui)我公司影響較大(da)，法務部對(dui)其中(zhong)合同(tong)的無(wu)效情形以及涉及的“黑白合同(tong)”認定(ding)進行了學習，具體如下：
一、《建設工程施(shi)工合同》無效的情形
根據《中(zhong)華人民(min)共和(he)國合同法》以(yi)及《建設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同解釋（二）》，《建設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同》無效(xiao)的情(qing)形有(you)以(yi)下六(liu)點：
1、非法轉包合同(tong)；
2、違法分包合同；
3、承(cheng)包人未取得或超(chao)越(yue)相應資(zi)質的（例外：承(cheng)包人在(zai)建設(she)工程“竣工前”取得相應資(zi)質的，不按無效處理）；
4、沒有(you)資質(zhi)的(de)實(shi)際施(shi)工人借用(yong)有(you)資質(zhi)的(de)建筑施(shi)工企業名義的(de)；
; 5、建設(she)工程(cheng)必(bi)須進行招(zhao)標(biao)而未招(zhao)標(biao)或者中標(biao)無效的。
6、發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)未(wei)取得建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程規劃(hua)許可(ke)證等規劃(hua)審(shen)批手(shou)續（例外：其一，發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)在(zai)起訴前(qian)取得建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程規劃(hua)許可(ke)證等規劃(hua)審(shen)批手(shou)續的除外；其二，發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)能(neng)夠辦(ban)理審(shen)批手(shou)續而未(wei)辦(ban)理，并以未(wei)辦(ban)理審(shen)批手(shou)續為由(you)主張建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同無效的除外）。
對于(yu)以上六種(zhong)(zhong)情形(xing)，其中第(di)六種(zhong)(zhong)情形(xing)就是依據《建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)解(jie)釋（二）》的第(di)2條進行了明(ming)確約定，具體為(wei)“當事人(ren)(ren)以發包人(ren)(ren)未(wei)取(qu)得建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規劃(hua)許可(ke)(ke)證等規劃(hua)審(shen)(shen)批手(shou)續為(wei)由，請(qing)求確認(ren)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)的，人(ren)(ren)民(min)法院應予(yu)支持，但(dan)發包人(ren)(ren)在起訴前取(qu)得建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規劃(hua)許可(ke)(ke)證等規劃(hua)審(shen)(shen)批手(shou)續的除(chu)外。發包人(ren)(ren)能夠辦(ban)(ban)理(li)審(shen)(shen)批手(shou)續而未(wei)辦(ban)(ban)理(li)，并(bing)以未(wei)辦(ban)(ban)理(li)審(shen)(shen)批手(shou)續為(wei)由請(qing)求確認(ren)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)的，人(ren)(ren)民(min)法院不予(yu)支持。”
同時(shi)在《建設工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)合同解釋（二(er)）》的(de)(de)第4條(tiao)中對于(yu)借用(yong)資質(zhi)情形(xing)的(de)(de)賠(pei)償責任進(jin)行了明確(que)約定，具(ju)體(ti)為(wei)“缺乏資質(zhi)的(de)(de)單位或者個(ge)人借用(yong)有資質(zhi)的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企業名義(yi)簽訂建設工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)合同，發包人請求(qiu)出借方(fang)與借用(yong)方(fang)對建設工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量不合格(ge)等因出借資質(zhi)造成的(de)(de)損失承擔連帶(dai)賠(pei)償責任的(de)(de)，人民法(fa)院(yuan)應(ying)予支持。”
二(er)、建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)合(he)同(tong)中“黑白合(he)同(tong)”的效(xiao)力認定
1、強(qiang)制招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)：依照《招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)(biao)法(fa)》第3條之規定:在中(zhong)華人民共(gong)和國(guo)境內進(jin)行下列(lie)工程建設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)包括(kuo)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)勘察(cha)、設計、施工、監理(li)以及與工程建設有關的(de)(de)(de)重要設備、材料等的(de)(de)(de)采購(gou)，必(bi)須(xu)進(jin)行招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)：(1）大型基(ji)礎設施、公(gong)用事業(ye)等關系(xi)社會公(gong)共(gong)利(li)益、公(gong)眾安全的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)；（2）全部或者(zhe)部分使用國(guo)有資(zi)(zi)金投資(zi)(zi)或者(zhe)國(guo)家融資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)；（3）使用國(guo)際組織(zhi)或者(zhe)外國(guo)政(zheng)府貸款、援助資(zi)(zi)金的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)。同(tong)時，國(guo)家發改委于2018年(nian)3月27日(ri)發文2018年(nian)6月1日(ri)起施行的(de)(de)(de)《必(bi)須(xu)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)工程項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)規定》中(zhong)縮(suo)小了須(xu)強(qiang)制招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)建設工程項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)范圍，民營投資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)科技、教育等事業(ye)及社會福利(li)、商(shang)品(pin)房住宅項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)不再屬于強(qiang)制招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)范圍。
2、“強制招標”建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，招標人(ren)和中(zhong)標人(ren)另行(xing)簽(qian)訂的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同約定的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)(fan)圍、建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)期、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)等(deng)實質(zhi)性內容(rong)，與中(zhong)標合(he)(he)同不一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)當(dang)招照(zhao)中(zhong)標合(he)(he)同確定當(dang)事人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)權利義務(wu)（依據(ju)《建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同解(jie)釋（二(er)）》第(di)1條第(di)一(yi)款(kuan)(kuan)“招標人(ren)和中(zhong)標人(ren)另行(xing)簽(qian)訂的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同約定的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)(fan)圍、建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)期、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)等(deng)實質(zhi)性內容(rong)，與中(zhong)標合(he)(he)同不一(yi)致，一(yi)方當(dang)事人(ren)請(qing)求按照(zhao)中(zhong)標合(he)(he)同確定權利義務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)，人(ren)民法院應(ying)予支持”）。
3、“強制招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)”建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人和中標(biao)(biao)人在(zai)中標(biao)(biao)合同(tong)之(zhi)外就明顯高于(yu)市場價(jia)格購(gou)買(mai)承建(jian)(jian)(jian)房(fang)產(chan)、無償建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)住宅配套設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)、讓(rang)利、向(xiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)位捐(juan)贈(zeng)財物(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)另行簽訂合同(tong)，變(bian)相(xiang)降低工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)，該背(bei)離中標(biao)(biao)合同(tong)實質內容而另行簽訂的建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)無效(xiao)（依(yi)據《建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)解釋（二）》第1條第二款(kuan)“招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人和中標(biao)(biao)人在(zai)中標(biao)(biao)合同(tong)之(zhi)外就明顯高于(yu)市場價(jia)格購(gou)買(mai)承建(jian)(jian)(jian)房(fang)產(chan)、無償建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)住房(fang)配套設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)、讓(rang)利、向(xiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)位捐(juan)贈(zeng)財物(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)另行簽訂合同(tong)，變(bian)相(xiang)降低工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)，一方(fang)當(dang)事人以該合同(tong)背(bei)離中標(biao)(biao)合同(tong)實質性內容為由請(qing)求確認無效(xiao)的，人民(min)法院(yuan)應(ying)予支持”）。
4、依(yi)法(fa)不屬于(yu)必(bi)須招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)（“非強制招(zhao)標(biao)”），發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人進行(xing)(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)后(hou)，與(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人另行(xing)(xing)訂立的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)背離(li)中(zhong)標(biao)合同(tong)的(de)(de)實質性內容，應當以中(zhong)標(biao)合同(tong)作為結算(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價款的(de)(de)依(yi)據(ju)（依(yi)據(ju)《建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)解釋(shi)（二(er)）》第9條“發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人將(jiang)依(yi)法(fa)不屬于(yu)必(bi)須招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進行(xing)(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)后(hou)，與(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人另行(xing)(xing)訂立的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)背離(li)中(zhong)標(biao)合同(tong)的(de)(de)實質性內容，當事人請求以中(zhong)標(biao)合同(tong)作為結算(suan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價款依(yi)據(ju)的(de)(de)，人民(min)法(fa)院(yuan)應予支(zhi)持(chi)，但發包(bao)(bao)(bao)人與(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人因客(ke)觀(guan)情況發生(sheng)了在招(zhao)標(biao)投標(biao)時(shi)難以預見的(de)(de)變化而另行(xing)(xing)訂立建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)的(de)(de)除外”）。
對(dui)于上(shang)述情形，法(fa)(fa)務部(bu)應(ying)在建設工程(cheng)招標以及(ji)合(he)同起草簽署中著重把控，嚴格按照相關法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規以及(ji)公司(si)實際情形進行風險(xian)防控。
