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法務動態1、在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場所(suo)(suo)(suo)內(nei)，非(fei)因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)受(shou)(shou)到傷(shang)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保險(xian)(xian)條(tiao)例》第十 四條(tiao)第（一）規定(ding)，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場所(suo)(suo)(suo)內(nei)，因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)受(shou)(shou)到事故傷(shang)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)應當認定(ding)為(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong) 傷(shang)，這就是所(suo)(suo)(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)“三工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。“三工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”中最核心的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)素(su)是“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)”，是構成工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)的(de)(de)(de)充 分條(tiao)件(jian)，“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場所(suo)(suo)(suo)”和“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)”更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)是證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)輔助因(yin)(yin)素(su)，同時(shi)(shi)也(ye)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo) 原因(yin)(yin)起補強(qiang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。根據最高法(fa)院(yuan)司法(fa)解(jie)釋規定(ding)，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場所(suo)(suo)(suo)內(nei)受(shou)(shou)到傷(shang)害(hai)，用(yong)(yong)人 單位(wei)或者社會保險(xian)(xian)行政部門沒有證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明是非(fei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)導致的(de)(de)(de)，則推定(ding)為(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)，亦(yi)可 認定(ding)為(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。當然，如果用(yong)(yong)人單位(wei)有證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場所(suo)(suo)(suo)內(nei)受(shou)(shou)到傷(shang)害(hai)并非(fei) 因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)原因(yin)(yin)導致，則不能認定(ding)為(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。
2、在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時間(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場所內，不是(shi)履行工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)暴(bao)(bao)力(li)(li)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保(bao)險條例規(gui)定 在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時間(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場所內“因(yin)履行工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)暴(bao)(bao)力(li)(li)等意(yi)外(wai)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)”可認定為工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)，包括兩(liang) 層含(han)義，一(yi)(yi)層是(shi)指(zhi)職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)履行工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)，使某(mou)些人(ren)的(de)(de)不合理的(de)(de)或違法的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)沒(mei)有達到(dao)(dao)(dao)，這 些人(ren)出于(yu)報復而對(dui)該職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行的(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)力(li)(li)人(ren)身(shen)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)；另一(yi)(yi)層是(shi)指(zhi)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時間(jian)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場所內，職(zhi)(zhi) 工(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)履行工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)意(yi)外(wai)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)，諸如(ru)地震、廠(chang)區失火、車間(jian)房屋倒塌以(yi)及(ji)由于(yu)單(dan)位其 他(ta)設施不安(an)全而造成的(de)(de)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)等。“因(yin)履行工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)暴(bao)(bao)力(li)(li)等意(yi)外(wai)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)”強調的(de)(de)是(shi)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de) 傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)與履行工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)之間(jian)存(cun)在(zai)有因(yin)果(guo)(guo)關系(xi)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)個人(ren)利益、個人(ren)私怨等原因(yin)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)(dao)暴(bao)(bao) 力(li)(li)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)，顯然無法認定為工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。
3、因工(gong)外出期間從事個(ge)人活動受(shou)到傷(shang)害(hai)的因工(gong)外出期間一(yi)般包括以下情形：
1、員工(gong) 受(shou)用人單位指派或者因工(gong)作需(xu)要在(zai)工(gong)作場所以外從事與工(gong)作職(zhi)責有(you)關的活動(dong)期間；
2、員 工(gong)受用人(ren)單位指派外出學習或者開會期間；
3、員工(gong)(gong)(gong)因工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)需要的(de)其(qi)他外出(chu)活動期間(jian)。工(gong)(gong)(gong) 傷(shang)保險(xian)(xian)條例(li)規(gui)定(ding)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)因工(gong)(gong)(gong)外出(chu)期間(jian)，由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原因受到傷(shang)害或者發(fa)生事故下落不明的(de)，應 當認定(ding)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)，這里(li)強(qiang)調的(de)是(shi)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原因”。如果(guo)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)因工(gong)(gong)(gong)外出(chu)期間(jian)從(cong)事個(ge)人(ren)活動，則 不能認定(ding)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。最高(gao)人(ren)民法院在(zai)《關于(yu)審(shen)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保險(xian)(xian)行政案(an)件若(ruo)干(gan)問(wen)題的(de)規(gui)定(ding)》中對(dui)此(ci)亦進行(xing)(xing)了明確，“職工(gong)(gong)因工(gong)(gong)外(wai)出期間從事與工(gong)(gong)作或者(zhe)受用人單位指派外(wai)出學習、開(kai)會無關(guan) 的(de)個人活動受到傷(shang)害，社會保險(xian)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)部(bu)門不認定為工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)的(de)，人民法院應予支持”。
4、在上(shang)下(xia)班途中(zhong)發生交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)但(dan)本人(ren)負(fu)主要責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)或全(quan)部(bu)(bu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的上(shang)下(xia)班交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)是工 傷認定(ding)(ding)的常見類型，但(dan)并非所有(you)在上(shang)下(xia)班途中(zhong)發生交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)都能認定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)工傷，這里(li)需考慮(lv) 員工在交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)中(zhong)的責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)大(da)小。工傷保險條例規定(ding)(ding)上(shang)下(xia)班途中(zhong)受到“非本人(ren)主要責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao) 通事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)”可認定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)工傷，“非本人(ren)主要責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)”如何理解？具體是指“無責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)”、“次要責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze) 任(ren)(ren)”、“同等責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)”。如果交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)警部(bu)(bu)門出(chu)具的事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)認定(ding)(ding)結論為(wei)(wei)員工個人(ren)承擔(dan)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)的“主要責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze) 任(ren)(ren)”或“全(quan)部(bu)(bu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)”，則不能認定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)工傷。
5、在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)崗位，突(tu)發(fa)(fa)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)搶救無(wu)效在(zai)(zai)(zai) 48 小時(shi)后死亡的(de)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)保險條(tiao)例規定(ding) “在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)崗位，突(tu)發(fa)(fa)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)死亡或者在(zai)(zai)(zai) 48 小時(shi)之內經(jing)搶救無(wu)效死亡的(de)”視同工(gong)(gong) 傷(shang)。“突(tu)發(fa)(fa)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)”包括各類疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)，不要求與工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)有關聯。實務中(zhong)較為常見的(de)病(bing)(bing)是心(xin)臟病(bing)(bing)、 腦(nao)出血、心(xin)肌梗塞等突(tu)發(fa)(fa)性疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)。“48 小時(shi)”的(de)起算(suan)時(shi)間(jian)，以醫療機構的(de)初次診斷(duan)時(shi)間(jian) 作(zuo)為突(tu)發(fa)(fa)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)的(de)起算(suan)時(shi)間(jian)。員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)雖然(ran)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)崗位突(tu)發(fa)(fa)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)，但經(jing)過搶救無(wu)效 48 小時(shi)之后才死亡的(de)，不屬(shu)于視同工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)的(de)情形。
6、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)(wei)突發(fa)疾病(bing)請(qing)(qing)假回(hui)家后(hou)(hou)(hou)再到醫(yi)院(yuan)救治或死(si)(si)亡(wang)(wang)的(de)不能視同(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)最 高(gao)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院(yuan)（2017）最高(gao)法(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)申 3687 號裁定書認為，《工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)險條(tiao)(tiao)例》第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)五條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)款 第(di)(di)(di)(一(yi))項規定，職工(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)(wei)，突發(fa)疾病(bing)死(si)(si)亡(wang)(wang)或者在(zai)(zai)(zai) 48 小時(shi)之(zhi)內經搶救無 效死(si)(si)亡(wang)(wang)的(de)，視同(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)。上述條(tiao)(tiao)款主(zhu)要是針對在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)(wei)上突發(fa)疾病(bing)，不能堅持 工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，需要緊急到醫(yi)院(yuan)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)搶救的(de)情(qing)況而設(she)定的(de)。如(ru)果(guo)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)回(hui)家之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)再到醫(yi)院(yuan)救治或突發(fa) 疾病(bing)死(si)(si)亡(wang)(wang)的(de)，就不屬于(yu)(yu)這一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)規定的(de)適(shi)(shi)用范圍。本(ben)案中，張海生在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)(wei)感 到身體不適(shi)(shi)，請(qing)(qing)假回(hui)家后(hou)(hou)(hou)臥(wo)床休息(xi)，至次日被家人(ren)發(fa)現、經搶救無效死(si)(si)亡(wang)(wang)。雖然該不幸后(hou)(hou)(hou) 果(guo)值(zhi)得(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)情(qing)，但并(bing)(bing)不屬于(yu)(yu)《工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)險條(tiao)(tiao)例》上規定的(de)視同(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)情(qing)形，省(sheng)人(ren)力(li)社保(bao)(bao)廳作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)不 予認定工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)決定于(yu)(yu)法(fa)有據。一(yi)、二(er)審法(fa)院(yuan)認定事實清(qing)楚，適(shi)(shi)用法(fa)律法(fa)規并(bing)(bing)無不當。——《代 秋燕、河(he)北省(sheng)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)源(yuan)和(he)(he)社會保(bao)(bao)障廳勞動(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)社會保(bao)(bao)障行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)管理(勞動(dong)(dong)、社會保(bao)(bao)障)再審審查 與(yu)審判(pan)監督行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)裁定書》（2017）最高(gao)法(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)申 3687 號人(ren)力(li)資(zi)源(yuan)社會保(bao)(bao)障部法(fa)規司(si)《關于(yu)(yu) 如(ru)何理解<工(gong)(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)險條(tiao)(tiao)例>第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)五條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)（一(yi)）項的(de)復函》認為，對條(tiao)(tiao)例第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)五條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)（一(yi)）項 視同(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)亡(wang)(wang)的(de)理解和(he)(he)適(shi)(shi)用，應當嚴格(ge)按照工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)(wei)、突發(fa)疾病(bing)、徑直送醫(yi)院(yuan)搶救 等四(si)要件并(bing)(bing)重，具(ju)有同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)性、連貫(guan)性來掌握，具(ju)體情(qing)形主(zhu)要包括：
（一）職工在工作(zuo)時(shi)間 和工作(zuo)崗(gang)位(wei)突發(fa)疾(ji)病當場死亡；
（二）職工在工作時間(jian)和(he)工作崗位(wei)突(tu)發疾病(bing)，且情(qing)況緊(jin)急， 直接送醫院或醫療機構當場搶救并在 48 小時內死亡等。至于其他情(qing)形，如(ru)雖在工作時間(jian)、工作崗位發病或者(zhe)自感(gan)不適，但未送(song)醫(yi)院搶(qiang)救而是回家休息，48 小時內死(si)亡(wang)的(de)，不應視 同(tong)工傷。
7、非(fei)(fei)因工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因對(dui)遇險(xian)(xian)(xian)者實(shi)施救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)助(zhu)導致(zhi)傷(shang)(shang)亡(wang)又未經有(you)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)為(wei)見(jian)義勇(yong)為(wei)的(de)(de)《工(gong)(gong) 傷(shang)(shang)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)條(tiao)例(li)》第(di)(di)(di) 15 條(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)（二）項規(gui)定(ding)在搶險(xian)(xian)(xian)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)災等維護國(guo)家利益(yi)、公共利益(yi)活動中(zhong)受到 傷(shang)(shang)害的(de)(de)視(shi)同工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)，這里需注意(yi)司法實(shi)踐中(zhong)的(de)(de)做(zuo)法。《最高人民法院(yuan)關(guan)于非(fei)(fei)因工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因對(dui)遇 險(xian)(xian)(xian)者實(shi)施救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)助(zhu)導致(zhi)傷(shang)(shang)亡(wang)的(de)(de)情形是否認(ren)(ren)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)問(wen)題的(de)(de)答復》（【2014】行他(ta)字第(di)(di)(di) 2 號）中(zhong)意(yi) 見(jian)如(ru)下：非(fei)(fei)因工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)因對(dui)遇險(xian)(xian)(xian)者實(shi)施救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)助(zhu)導致(zhi)傷(shang)(shang)亡(wang)的(de)(de)，如(ru)未經有(you)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)為(wei)見(jian)義勇(yong)為(wei)， 似不屬于《工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)條(tiao)例(li)》第(di)(di)(di)十五(wu)條(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)款第(di)(di)(di)（二）項規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)視(shi)同工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)情形。考慮到請示 所涉(she)案件(jian)中(zhong)張詩春舍身救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)人的(de)(de)行為(wei)值得提(ti)倡，建(jian)議(yi)你院(yuan)與(yu)下級法院(yuan)協調當地有(you)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)，盡 可能通過其(qi)他(ta)方式做(zuo)好相關(guan)安撫工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，以妥(tuo)善化(hua)解(jie)爭議(yi)。
8、故(gu)(gu)意(yi)(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)導致傷(shang)(shang)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據《工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保(bao)險條例》第十六條的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，職工(gong)(gong)有(you)下列(lie)情(qing)(qing)形(xing)之 一的(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)得認(ren)(ren)定(ding)為工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)或(huo)者(zhe)視同工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)：（一）故(gu)(gu)意(yi)(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)；明(ming)知自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為會發生(sheng)危害社 會的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果，井且(qie)希望或(huo)者(zhe)放(fang)任這種(zhong)結(jie)果發生(sheng)，因而構成犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是故(gu)(gu)意(yi)(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)。故(gu)(gu)意(yi)(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de) 社會影(ying)響(xiang)惡(e)劣(lie)，對國家、社會和公民的(de)(de)(de)(de)財產、利益等損害較(jiao)大，本著(zhu)引導公民遵(zun)紀(ji)守法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de) 精神，對于故(gu)(gu)意(yi)(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)劣(lie)情(qing)(qing)形(xing)，法(fa)律設定(ding)了不(bu)利后果，將其排(pai)除(chu)在工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)保(bao)險制度之外(wai)， 不(bu)予認(ren)(ren)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)。“故(gu)(gu)意(yi)(yi)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)，應當以刑(xing)事偵查(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)、檢察機(ji)(ji)關(guan)和審判機(ji)(ji)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)效(xiao) 法(fa)律文(wen)書或(huo)者(zhe)結(jie)論(lun)性意(yi)(yi)見為依(yi)據。需特(te)別注意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，過(guo)失犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)(shang)亡(wang)不(bu)影(ying)響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)(shang)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)， 比(bi)如交通(tong)肇(zhao)事罪(zui)(zui)、重大責任事故(gu)(gu)罪(zui)(zui)。
9、醉酒(jiu)或者吸(xi)(xi)(xi)毒導(dao)致傷(shang)(shang)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律將因醉酒(jiu)導(dao)致傷(shang)(shang)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)排除在工(gong)傷(shang)(shang)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)范圍之 外，主(zhu)要是考慮國(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)一些法(fa)(fa)(fa)律規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)禁止醉酒(jiu)后工(gong)作(zuo)、醉酒(jiu)后駕車(che)等，因此，由(you)于(yu)(yu)醉酒(jiu)導(dao) 致行為(wei)失(shi)去控制而(er)引(yin)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)各種事故不(bu)能作(zuo)為(wei)工(gong)傷(shang)(shang)處理(li)，這樣規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)也(ye)是為(wei)了(le)在一定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程度上(shang)控 制職工(gong)酒(jiu)后工(gong)作(zuo)，減(jian)少工(gong)傷(shang)(shang)事故的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生。對于(yu)(yu)醉酒(jiu)標(biao)準，可以參照《車(che)輛(liang)駕駛人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)血(xue)液、 呼(hu)氣(qi)酒(jiu)精含(han)量(liang)閾(yu)值值與檢驗》國(guo)(guo)家標(biao)準(GB19522-2004）。這一標(biao)準規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：駕駛人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)血(xue)液 中的(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)精含(han)量(liang)大(da)于(yu)(yu)（等于(yu)(yu)） 20 毫克(ke)／100 毫升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、小(xiao)于(yu)(yu) 80 毫克(ke)／100 毫升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)屬于(yu)(yu)飲酒(jiu) 駕車(che)，含(han)量(liang)大(da)于(yu)(yu)（等于(yu)(yu)） 80 毫克(ke)／100 毫升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)屬于(yu)(yu)醉酒(jiu)駕車(che)。公安機關交(jiao)(jiao)通管理(li)部 門、醫療機構等有關單(dan)位依法(fa)(fa)(fa)出具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)檢測結論、診斷(duan)證明等材(cai)料(liao)，可以作(zuo)為(wei)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)醉酒(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)依 據。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)毒在醫學上(shang)多稱藥物依賴和(he)藥物濫用，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)毒對人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)健康(kang)造成(cheng)了(le)嚴(yan)重(zhong)損(sun)害，造成(cheng) 社會(hui)(hui)財(cai)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)損(sun)失(shi)和(he)浪費，毒品交(jiao)(jiao)易活動加劇了(le)各種違法(fa)(fa)(fa)犯罪活動，擾亂(luan)了(le)社會(hui)(hui)治安， 給社會(hui)(hui)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)帶來巨大(da)威脅。相比醉酒(jiu)，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)毒在行為(wei)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)觀過錯、社會(hui)(hui)危害性等方面，有 過之而(er)無不(bu)及，借鑒國(guo)(guo)際公約(yue)相關規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，我國(guo)(guo)亦將吸(xi)(xi)(xi)毒排除工(gong)傷(shang)(shang)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)范圍之外。
10、自(zi)(zi)殘(can)或者(zhe)自(zi)(zi)殺的(de)“自(zi)(zi)殘(can)”是指(zhi)通過各(ge)種(zhong)手(shou)段和方(fang)(fang)式傷(shang)害自(zi)(zi)己的(de)身體，井造成傷(shang)害 結果的(de)行(xing)為。“自(zi)(zi)殺”是指(zhi)通過各(ge)種(zhong)手(shou)段和方(fang)(fang)式結束自(zi)(zi)己生命的(de)行(xing)為。有(you)的(de)自(zi)(zi)殘(can)或者(zhe)自(zi)(zi)殺 是員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)精神狀(zhuang)態導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)，但(dan)也有(you)的(de)不(bu)能排除是為了獲得(de)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)待遇導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)，自(zi)(zi)殘(can)或者(zhe)自(zi)(zi)殺與 工(gong)(gong)作沒有(you)必然聯系(xi)，員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)應(ying)對其(qi)主觀故意承擔責任，因此(ci)，不(bu)能認定工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)。實務中(zhong)比較難(nan) 做得(de)到(dao)的(de)是怎么(me)證(zheng)明員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)是自(zi)(zi)殘(can)或者(zhe)自(zi)(zi)殺？畢竟不(bu)是人(ren)人(ren)都會(hui)留(liu)下遺書的(de)，這個(ge)舉證(zheng)責任 在用人(ren)單位。
11、非從事(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)預(yu)防(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)員工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)期(qi)間感(gan)染(ran)新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)不能認定為工(gong)(gong) 傷(shang)人(ren)(ren)社部(bu)于(yu) 2020 年(nian) 2 月 21 日(ri)針對(dui)(dui)企業(ye)(ye)復(fu)工(gong)(gong)復(fu)產中(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)遍關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)心的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)用工(gong)(gong)、勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系、工(gong)(gong)資 待遇(yu)、社保繳費等方面有(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)問題進行了(le)解(jie)答，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)認定問題，人(ren)(ren)社部(bu)意見(jian)如下： 《關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)因履行工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)職責(ze)感(gan)染(ran)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)冠(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)病毒(du)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)醫(yi)護及相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員有(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)保障(zhang)問題的(de)(de)通 知》（人(ren)(ren)社部(bu)函〔2020〕11 號）中(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)確在新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)預(yu)防(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)救(jiu)(jiu)治(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)，醫(yi)護及相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo) 人(ren)(ren)員因履行工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)職責(ze)，感(gan)染(ran)新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)或因新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)死亡的(de)(de)，應認定為工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)，依法享受(shou)工(gong)(gong)傷(shang) 保險待遇(yu)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)在抗擊疫情期(qi)間，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)冠(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)病毒(du)職業(ye)(ye)暴(bao)露(lu)風險高的(de)(de)從事(shi)(shi)預(yu)防(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)救(jiu)(jiu)治(zhi)的(de)(de) 醫(yi)護及相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)特殊政策，體現了(le)黨和(he)(he)(he)國家對(dui)(dui)醫(yi)護和(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)愛(ai)。如果(guo)不 是(shi)(shi)從事(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)預(yu)防(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員，感(gan)染(ran)新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)是(shi)(shi)不能認定為工(gong)(gong)傷(shang)的(de)(de)。