電子數據（微信、短信等）作為證據時如何認定原件？
發布者：管理員 2021/8/25 14:07:18
問：電子數(shu)據作為證據時(shi)如何(he)認(ren)定原件？
答：最高人(ren)民法院(yuan)《關于民事(shi)訴訟(song)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)若干規(gui)定(ding)(ding)》（本文(wen)以(yi)(yi)下簡稱(cheng)《證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)》）第十五條第二款規(gui)定(ding)(ding)：“當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)作為(wei)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應當(dang)提供原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作者(zhe)制(zhi)(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副本，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)直接來源于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打印(yin)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)(huo)其他可以(yi)(yi)顯示、識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)介質(zhi)(zhi)，視為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。”所(suo)謂電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)指基(ji)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)技術(shu)生(sheng)成、以(yi)(yi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字化形式(shi)存在(zai)于磁盤、磁帶等(deng)(deng)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)，其內容(rong)可與(yu)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)分離(li)，并可多次復制(zhi)(zhi)到其他載(zai)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，能(neng)(neng)夠證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)案(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。訴訟(song)中應當(dang)提交證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)各國普遍(bian)適用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項規(gui)則，但由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)存儲于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)介質(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)信息，其在(zai)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)案(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，需要(yao)將(jiang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)編碼(ma)轉化為(wei)人(ren)們可以(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)本質(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)是(shi)一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)信息，可以(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)精確復制(zhi)(zhi)，可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)虛(xu)擬空間里無限(xian)快速傳播，因此(ci)，在(zai)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應當(dang)根據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)不同情況適用(yong)不同判斷標準：在(zai)調查收(shou)集(ji)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)合(he)(he)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)指最初生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)及首先固定(ding)(ding)所(suo)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種存儲介質(zhi)(zhi)；在(zai)舉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、質(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和審(shen)核認(ren)定(ding)(ding)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應適當(dang)進(jin)行變(bian)通，因為(wei)上(shang)(shang)述環節中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始載(zai)體(ti)(ti)本身(shen)對案(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)并無決定(ding)(ding)性意義，發揮事(shi)實(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)其轉換形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別形式(shi)。如果將(jiang)轉換形式(shi)視為(wei)復制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，會將(jiang)相(xiang)當(dang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)排除在(zai)案(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)之外(wai)，削(xue)弱(ruo)其應有功能(neng)(neng)。因此(ci)，只要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)“功能(neng)(neng)上(shang)(shang)等(deng)(deng)同或(huo)(huo)基(ji)本等(deng)(deng)同”于原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果，即可視為(wei)合(he)(he)法有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。《證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)》第十五條第二款明(ming)確“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作者(zhe)制(zhi)(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副本，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)直接來源于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打印(yin)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)(huo)其他可以(yi)(yi)顯示、識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)介質(zhi)(zhi)”在(zai)功能(neng)(neng)上(shang)(shang)均等(deng)(deng)同或(huo)(huo)基(ji)本等(deng)(deng)同于原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，因此(ci)，視為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
由于電子(zi)數據(ju)容易出現(xian)截取、修改(gai)、刪(shan)除、偽造等情(qing)形(xing)，法官可(ke)以依據(ju)以下(xia)情(qing)形(xing)考察電子(zi)數據(ju)副(fu)本是否可(ke)視(shi)為原(yuan)件(jian)：
（1）可準確反映原(yuan)始數據內容的輸出物(wu)或顯示物(wu)；
（2）具有最終完整性和可(ke)供隨(sui)時調取查(cha)用的電子副本；
; （3）雙(shuang)方當事人均未提(ti)出原始性異議的電子(zi)副本；
（4）經公(gong)證機關有(you)效公(gong)正，不(bu)利方當(dang)事人(ren)提供不(bu)出反證推翻的電子(zi)副本(ben)；
（5）附加了可(ke)靠電子簽名或其他安全程(cheng)序保障的(de)電子副本；
（6）滿足法律另行規(gui)定或(huo)當(dang)事人專門約定的其(qi)他標(biao)準的電(dian)子副本。
