電子數據（微信、短信等）作為證據時如何認定原件？
發布者：管理員 2021/8/25 14:07:18
問：電子數據作為證據時如何認定(ding)原件(jian)？
答：最高(gao)人(ren)民法院《關于(yu)(yu)(yu)民事(shi)訴(su)訟證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)若干(gan)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)》（本(ben)文(wen)以下簡稱(cheng)《證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)》）第十五(wu)條第二款規(gui)(gui)定(ding)：“當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)作(zuo)為證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)提(ti)供原(yuan)件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)者(zhe)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與原(yuan)件(jian)一致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副本(ben)，或(huo)者(zhe)直接(jie)來源于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打印件(jian)或(huo)其他可(ke)(ke)以顯示、識(shi)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)，視(shi)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)件(jian)。”所(suo)謂(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)指基(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)技(ji)術生成(cheng)、以數(shu)(shu)(shu)字化(hua)形(xing)(xing)式存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)磁(ci)盤、磁(ci)帶等(deng)(deng)(deng)載(zai)體(ti)，其內容(rong)可(ke)(ke)與載(zai)體(ti)分(fen)離，并可(ke)(ke)多次復(fu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)到(dao)其他載(zai)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，能(neng)(neng)夠證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)案件(jian)事(shi)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。訴(su)訟中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)提(ti)交(jiao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)原(yuan)件(jian)是(shi)各國普(pu)遍適用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一項規(gui)(gui)則，但(dan)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)存(cun)儲于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)信(xin)息，其在(zai)(zai)(zai)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)案件(jian)時(shi)(shi)，需(xu)要將數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)編碼轉化(hua)為人(ren)們(men)可(ke)(ke)以識(shi)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)本(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)上是(shi)一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)信(xin)息，可(ke)(ke)以實現(xian)精確(que)復(fu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)(ke)以在(zai)(zai)(zai)虛擬空間里無限快速傳播，因(yin)(yin)此，在(zai)(zai)(zai)認定(ding)原(yuan)件(jian)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)根據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)不(bu)同(tong)情況適用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)判斷標準：在(zai)(zai)(zai)調查收集證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合(he)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)件(jian)指最初生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)及首先固定(ding)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種存(cun)儲介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)舉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、質(zhi)(zhi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和(he)審(shen)核認定(ding)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)適當(dang)(dang)進行變通，因(yin)(yin)為上述(shu)環節中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始載(zai)體(ti)本(ben)身對案件(jian)事(shi)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)并無決(jue)定(ding)性意義(yi)，發揮事(shi)實證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)其轉換形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)識(shi)別(bie)形(xing)(xing)式。如果將轉換形(xing)(xing)式視(shi)為復(fu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)，會(hui)將相(xiang)當(dang)(dang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)排除(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)案件(jian)事(shi)實證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)之外(wai)，削(xue)弱其應(ying)(ying)(ying)有功能(neng)(neng)。因(yin)(yin)此，只要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)“功能(neng)(neng)上等(deng)(deng)(deng)同(tong)或(huo)基(ji)本(ben)等(deng)(deng)(deng)同(tong)”于(yu)(yu)(yu)原(yuan)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果，即可(ke)(ke)視(shi)為合(he)法有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)件(jian)。《證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)》第十五(wu)條第二款明(ming)確(que)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)者(zhe)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與原(yuan)件(jian)一致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副本(ben)，或(huo)者(zhe)直接(jie)來源于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打印件(jian)或(huo)其他可(ke)(ke)以顯示、識(shi)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)”在(zai)(zai)(zai)功能(neng)(neng)上均等(deng)(deng)(deng)同(tong)或(huo)基(ji)本(ben)等(deng)(deng)(deng)同(tong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)原(yuan)件(jian)，因(yin)(yin)此，視(shi)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)件(jian)。
由于電子數(shu)據容易出現(xian)截(jie)取、修改、刪除、偽造(zao)等情(qing)形，法(fa)官(guan)可以依據以下(xia)情(qing)形考察電子數(shu)據副本是否可視(shi)為原件：
（1）可準(zhun)確反(fan)映原始數據內容(rong)的輸出物(wu)或顯示(shi)物(wu)；
（2）具有(you)最終完整性和可供隨時調取查用的電子副本；
; （3）雙方(fang)當(dang)事人均未提出原始性異(yi)議(yi)的(de)電子副本；
; （4）經(jing)公證(zheng)機關(guan)有效公正，不(bu)利方當事人提供(gong)不(bu)出反(fan)證(zheng)推翻的電子副本；
; （5）附加了可靠電子(zi)簽名或其(qi)他(ta)安全程序保(bao)障的(de)電子(zi)副(fu)本；
（6）滿足法律(lv)另行規定(ding)或當(dang)事(shi)人專門約(yue)定(ding)的(de)其他標準的(de)電子(zi)副本。
